John’s Gospel is a distinctive and theologically profound work in the New Testament. It presents a unique perspective on the life, ministry, and significance of Jesus Christ. Through its carefully crafted narrative structure, profound theological insights, and distinctive literary style, the Fourth Gospel offers readers a deeply theological account of who Jesus is and what his coming means for humanity. This article offers a brief introduction to John’s Gospel, its central message, and the major themes that permeate this remarkable work.
The Development of John’s Gospel
An Absolute Beginning
Compared to the other gospels, the beginning of John is most like Mark in that neither has a narrative of Jesus’s birth. While Mark draws readers back to Isaiah’s prophecy as “the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, God’s Son” (Mark 1:1), John reaches farther back in the Old Testament, to the absolute beginning, compelling readers to recall the beginning words of Genesis: “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth” (Gen. 1:1). Like Moses’s ancient text, John’s Gospel begins not with creation but the absolute beginning, from before creation’s beginning. So, John situates his account concerning the Messiah neither geographically like Mark, beginning in the Judean wilderness in fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy, nor genealogically like Matthew and Luke, respectively tracing Jesus’ human descent from Abraham and back to Adam.
Literary Development and Structure
The literary structure of John’s Gospel reveals a carefully arranged work that differs markedly from the synoptic tradition (i.e., the other three gospels).[1] Indeed, how the four Evangelists arranged their respective Gospels bears heavily on what each one communicates. Rather than following the chronological framework common to Matthew, Mark, and Luke, John organizes his material around a series of “signs” (miracles) and extended discourses that reveal Jesus’s identity and mission (though there is still chronological progression in the gospel). John’s structural development reflects his theological purpose without rendering chronological concerns irrelevant. Each section builds on the previous one, developing a crescendo that culminates in the passion narrative and resurrection account. Light is a dominant motif in John’s narrative and brackets the beginning and end: the prologue (John 1:1–18) serves as a literary-theological prelude, presenting the arrival of the Light. The epilogue is a literary-theological postlude, featuring a post-resurrection appearance of the Light, which graciously restores and commissions Peter, and subtly reprises themes and motifs from John’s Gospel that reinforce Jesus’s actions.
1. Matthew, Mark, and Luke are often called “synoptic” gospels because they tell the story of Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection in a similar way, or from a similar vantage point. The word synoptic comes from the Greek words syn (together) and optikos (visual, visible, or related to the act of seeing). Thus “synoptic” means seeing together or common perspective. John is typically contrasted with the synoptic gospels because he tells the Jesus story in a very unique way.
Many commentators have understood the Gospel’s structure as consisting of two major sections, which they identify as the Book of Signs (chapters 1–12) and the Book of Glory (chapters 13–21). Acknowledging these two large segments of the Gospel and recognizing that the beginning and ending serve vital roles as a prelude and a postlude, here is my broad outline of John’s Gospel.
- A Prelude: The Light Dawns in the Darkness (John 1:1–18).
- The Glory of Jesus Shines in Darkness through His Deeds and Words (John 1:19–12:50).
- The Glory of Jesus Shines in Darkness through His Passion, Death, and Resurrection (John 13:1–20:31).
- A Postlude: The Light Shines Forth (John 21:1–25).
The Book of Signs (parts I & II above) focuses on Jesus’s public ministry, featuring seven miraculous signs that point to his divine identity. Accompanying some of these signs are extensive theological discourses that interpret their meaning. The Book of Glory (parts III and IV) centers on Jesus’s final hours with his disciples, instructing them concerning his departure, featuring his crucifixion and resurrection, presenting these events as the ultimate revelation of God’s glory.[2]
2. James Hamilton’s book, In the Beginning Was the Word: Finding Meaning in the Literary Structure of the Gospel of John (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2025) presents an intriguing and provocative thesis that John structured his entire Gospel as a large chiasm with multiple sub–chiasms.
Historical Context, Dating, and Authorship
Authorship
Like each of the Synoptic Gospels, the Fourth Gospel is formally anonymous; the author does not explicitly identify himself. However, early witnesses overwhelmingly identify the Apostle John as the author. Critical scholars, including Richard Bauckham, argue against the Apostle John, the son of Zebedee, as the author of the Gospel of John.[3] Despite this, for many reasons, including the early witnesses of church history, most evangelical scholars have contended that the Apostle John, brother of James, is the author.[4]
3. Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2017, 562–71).
The Role of the Beloved Disciple
4. For a helpful discussion concerning the authorship of John’s Gospel, see D. A. Carson, The Gospel according to John (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991), 68–81.
Within John’s Gospel is an inconspicuous but important character, the author who identifies himself as “the disciple whom Jesus loved,” who emerges only during the latter half of the Gospel (John 13:23; 19:26; 20:2; 21:7, 20). This unnamed disciple presents himself as an eyewitness source concerning the Gospel’s content and testimony (John 21:24). Within the narrative, he fulfills a crucial role, bearing testimony to Jesus’s ministry and establishing the Gospel’s authority and witness. It is therefore likely that this disciple is the author of the book, referring to himself in the third-person so as to establish the credibility of his eyewitness testimony. Moreover, it is clear this disciple is one of the twelve as only the twelve were at the last supper (cf. John 13:23; Matt. 26:21–22; Mark 14:17), and of the twelve John is most likely for a number of reasons.[5] This disciple’s unobtrusive references to himself and his testimony contributed significantly to the Gospel’s reception as apostolic.
5. Once again, see Carson, The Gospel According to John, 71–80.
Historical Context and Dating
John wrote his gospel near the end of his life, sometime before the close of the first century (i.e., the century in which Jesus lived). While this claim used to be disputed by critical scholars, in 1934 a papyrus fragment (P52) from around A.D. 125 that contains a portion of John 18:31–33 and 18:37–19:1 was discovered, all but settling the question. Thus, we have both good biblical and historical reasons to accept the early Christian tradition that John, the son of Zebedee, wrote the Gospel, perhaps ten to fifteen years after the fall of Jerusalem, from Ephesus.[6]
6. Some argue that the Gospel’s “silence” about the destruction of Jerusalem’s Temple indicates that its writing took place before A.D. 70, but this is a minority position.
The Central Message of John’s Gospel
The Purpose Statement
Near the end of his Gospel, John explicitly states the purpose for his writing: “Now these things were written that you might believe that the Christ, the Son of God, is Jesus, and that by believing you may have life in his name” (20:31; author’s translation). This statement summarizes the Gospel’s central message, revealing its dual focus on two questions: (1) Who is the Messiah? (Christology), and (2) What has Jesus, the Messiah, accomplished? (Eschatology). The Gospel’s message centers on the identity of Jesus as God’s Son who has come into the world to reveal the Father and bring eternal life to everyone who believes the message he reveals. This message is developed through a series of carefully curated narratives, discourses, and symbolic presentations that progressively reveal Jesus’s true nature and mission.
Incarnational Theology
At the heart of John’s message lies a profound incarnational theology. The prologue’s declaration that “the Word became flesh and tabernacled among us” (John 1:14)[7] presents a profoundly full announcement, establishing the fundamental premise that governs the entire Gospel. Though Jesus is a great teacher and prophet, he is far greater. He is the eternal Word of God, God with us in a human body, revealing the Father to us. Yet, more than this, the Word, who took on human flesh, intercedes for us by interposing himself in his own body on our behalf as the Passover Lamb who delivers everyone to live eternally who looks to him.
7. The word “dwelt” (ESV) is the Greek word skēnoō, a verb which comes from the word for “tent” or “tabernacle.” Thus, John is intentionally saying that in Jesus, God dwells with us in a way that far exceeds his dwelling with ancient Israel in the tabernacle.
This incarnational message permeates every aspect of the Gospel’s presentation. Jesus’s signs are not simply miraculous works but revelatory acts that disclose his heavenly glory. His discourses are not merely teachings but divine self-revelations. His passion and death are not merely historical events but the revelation of the manner in which God loved the world (John 3:16).
The Gift of Eternal Life from Above
John’s Gospel consistently presents Jesus as the source of eternal life for everyone who trusts in him. This message is conveyed through numerous images, including Jesus as the bread of life (John 6:35), the living water (John 4:10; 7:38), the light of the world (John 8:12), the good shepherd (John 10:11), the resurrection and the life (John 11:25), the way, truth, and life (John 14:6), and the true vine (John 15:1). Each of these images contributes to the Gospel’s central message that by taking on human flesh, the Word brought eternal life from above to earth that everyone who believes in him will not be condemned but resides in Jesus and receives a quality of life that transcends physical death and connects believers to the eternal life of God. The Gospel presents eternal life not merely as quantitative (life that endures forever) but qualitative (life that partakes of God’s own life). This eternal life is already a present reality for all who now hear the voice of the Son of God (John 5:25), but not yet fully realized “for an hour is coming when all who are in the tombs will hear his voice and come out, those who have done good to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil to the resurrection of judgment” (John 5:28–29).
Mission and Sending
John’s Gospel also features the theme of mission and sending. Just as the Father sent the Son into the world, Jesus sends his disciples into the world to continue his mission (John 20:21). This sending motif establishes a continuity between Jesus’s mission and the mission of the church, grounding Christian mission in the very nature and design of God’s covenantal, redemptive work in the Messiah.
Major Themes in John’s Gospel
Light and Darkness
Prominent among the themes in John’s Gospel is the cosmic conflict between light and darkness. At the outset of his Gospel, John introduces the Light-Darkness theme that spans the whole Gospel. This contrasting theme presents the Word as the Light that penetrated creation’s darkness on the first day, and now as the Light penetrating human darkness, antithetical to new creation in these latter days.
John introduces this contrasting theme early in the prelude: “And the Light shines in the darkness, and the darkness is not able to apprehend it” (John 1:5). This, the first of several uses of double entendre in the Gospel—“not able to apprehend it”—is an initial compactly summarized message of John’s Gospel: The Light reveals the Father, exposing the evil darkness of humans who refuse to welcome the Light with understanding, and thus wickedly endeavor to squelch and bury the Light—only to be thwarted and conquered when the Light bursts forth from his tomb.
Of course, the Light is another designation for the preincarnate Word, which becomes evident in the subsequent verses:
There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to bear witness about the Light, that all might come to believe through him. He was not the Light but came to bear witness about the Light. The True Light, which gives light to everyone, was coming into the world. The Light was in the world, and the world was made through the Light, yet the world did not know the Light. The Light came to its own, and its own people did not receive the Light. (John 1:9–11; ESV, with purposeful edits for emphasis)
This light-darkness theme operates on multiple levels. Jesus as Light reveals truth about God and exposes the darkness of human sin and ignorance. Those who come to the Light receive life and truth, while those who reject the Light remain in darkness and death. This paired theme underscores the Gospel’s emphasis on the necessity of belief and the consequences of unbelief.
Belief and Unbelief
Belief and unbelief form another contrasting theme that spans John’s Gospel, portraying the fundamental response to Jesus’s revelation of the Father, reception or rejection. The Gospel presents belief not as mere intellectual assent but as a willful entrusting of oneself to Jesus, receiving eternal life, already transforming behavior in preparation for the resurrection unto life eternal (John 5:25–29). Various characters in the Gospel illustrate different responses to Jesus, from the immediate and undeveloped belief of the first disciples (John 1:35–51) to the persistent unbelief and antagonism of many Jews and their religious leaders (John 8:31–59). While John’s narrative presents Jesus as responding to “Jews who had believed in him” (John 8:31), the Evangelist makes it clear that there is a kind of “believing” that fails to lay hold of Jesus as the promised Messiah, thus, a belief to which he does not bequeath eternal life and which remains disobedient and becomes recalcitrant, confirming one’s condemnation (John 3:36).[8] Thus, whether readers already believe or have yet come to believe, John’s Gospel appeals to all: “Now these things were written that you might believe that the Christ, the Son of God, is Jesus, and that by believing you may have life in his name” (John 20:31; author’s translation).
8. See A. B. Caneday, “God’s Incarnate Son as the Embodiment of Last Day Resurrection: Eternal Life as Justification in John’s Gospel,” SBJT 18.4 (2014): 67–88.
Glory
During Jesus’s last Passover, Greeks who were in Jerusalem approached Philip with the request, “Sir, we wish to see Jesus” (John 12:21). Jesus responded to this request by announcing, “The hour has come for the Son of Man to be glorified” (John 12:23). Glory forms a unifying theme throughout John’s Gospel. Unlike Matthew’s and Luke’s Gospels, where Jesus’s glory features at his future return, but like Mark’s Gospel, with greater development, John presents Jesus’s glory as revealed throughout his earthly ministry but reaching its climax in his death and resurrection. The Gospel’s distinctive perspective sees the cross not as a defeat but as the ultimate revelation of the Messiah’s divine glory. This theme unfolds throughout John’s Gospel as Jesus’s deeds and teachings glorify the Father, who, at the climax of his Son’s mission, glorifies the Son. This reciprocal relationship throughout the Gospel affirms the intimate unity between Father and Son indicated in the initial verse: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God . . .”
Revelation: Understanding vs. Misunderstanding
Embedded within Jesus’s announcement concerning his being glorified is another linked theme, “belief and unbelief,” a motif that pairs understanding versus misunderstanding as a theme in John’s Gospel. Because Jesus’s teachings, dramatic acts, and signs are masterful symbolic revelatory acts, their meanings do not lie cheaply on the surface. Everything Jesus taught, all his dramatic actions, and all his signs require understanding that comes through belief. For example, early in his Gospel, John makes the case that the disciples’ understanding of Jesus’s riddle in the Temple (“Destroy this temple and in three days I will raise it up” [John 2:19]) dawned on them only after the crucified Messiah’s resurrection. Likewise, the crowds of Jews at Passover misunderstood Jesus’s purposeful double entendre when he stated, “And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself” (John 12:32). They correctly understood “lifted up” to refer to being “lifted up on a Roman cross.” However, because they failed to apprehend the allusion to Isaiah’s prophecy, where both “lift up” and “glorify” occur together, Jesus’s hearers had no comprehension that his crucifixion would be integral to his exaltation.
Revealing and Concealing: My Hour Has Not Yet Come
The Word, who is in intimate relationship with the Father, now veiled in flesh, makes known the Father whom no one has ever seen except “he who descended from heaven” (John 1:14, 18; 3:13). From this derives the revealing and concealing theme that permeates John’s Gospel, with Jesus presented as the revealer of divine truth according to his Father’s appointed time. Hence, when his mother wants him to intercede after the wedding wine is depleted, Jesus’s statement, “My hour has not yet come” (John 2:4), hints that his turning water to wine is an immanent foreshadowing of the imminent revealing of his glory. He shrouds the revelation of his glory in signs, riddles, teaching, and dramatic prophetic actions, even hiding himself as acts of judgment, in the flesh, he imitates God’s hiddenness to dramatize divine judgment by concealment (John 12:36) until the full display of his glory is revealed when he dies as the Passover Lamb upon the cross (John 3:14; 8:28; 12:32–34; 19:31–37).
Thus, throughout his teachings, miraculous signs, and dramatic acts, Jesus fulfills the Old Testament Scriptures. He does this by replicating the revelatory giving of the prophetic Scriptures as he moves toward the climactic hour, escalating his conflict with religious authorities who zealously endeavor to protect Jerusalem’s Temple from Jesus who riddled, “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up” (John 2:19). Integral to this escalation also are Jesus’s numerous “I am” sayings. We see this in John 6, where Jesus presents himself with the divine name, “I am.” He allays his disciples’ fright as he walked on the sea’s surface (John 6:20; also 8:24, 58; 13:19; 18:5, 6), and he completed the phrase “I am” by announcing he is the Original Manna (John 6:35), the Light of the world (that is, greater than the sun, in John 8:12), the Sheep’s Entrance (John 10:7, 9), the Good Shepherd (in contrast to Israel’s false shepherds, in John 10:11, 14), the Resurrection and Source of Life (John 11:25); the Way, the Truth, the Life (John 14:6); and the True Vine (meaning he is the Authentic Israel; see John 15:1, 5).[9]
9. Caneday, “God’s Incarnate Son,” 71–75.
True and Truth
That Jesus says, “I am the True Bread” (John 6:35) and “I am the True Vine” (15:1, 5), prompts the need to mention two English cognates, the noun truth (alētheia) and the adjective true (alēthinos/alēthēs), which occur frequently in John’s Gospel.[10] These uses of the adjective “true” follow its use in John 1:9, where “the True Light” does not contrast with “false light.” Rather, the Word is “veritable light” in contrast to the Baptist who “was not that light” but only bore witness to the light (John 1:9). John the Baptist was a mere earthly replica of the greater Light. Here, John’s use of “true” features the Word as the Original Light versus all other lights that are only copies. Likewise, manna was an earthly copy of the heavenly “True Bread” as Israel is an earthly copy of the “True Vine.” Thus, “True” features divine verity akin to “the exact imprint of the divine essence” as in Hebrews 1:3.
10. Truth (alētheia, 25 times) and true (alēthinos, nine times; alēthēs, 14 times).
Similarly, in John 1:17, where John states, “the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ,” his use of truth does not suggest that the Law Covenant was devoid of grace or truth (John 1:16). Rather, the Law Covenant foreshadowed the grace and truth that now come through Jesus Christ, who embodies “grace and truth.” Thus, the grace entailed in the Law Covenant mediated through Moses reached its fulfillment and replacement in the grace that came through Jesus Christ, “who is full of grace and truth” (John 1:14).
Love
Love also runs through John’s Gospel as a significant theological theme. Because the English word “so” is unclear, Christians mistakenly assume that John 3:16 speaks of the magnitude of God’s love for the world.[11] Elsewhere, in 1 John 3:1, John speaks of this, but not in John 3:16. Here, his concern is to expound the manner of God’s love. Hence, he explains, “God loved the world in this manner, that he gave his only Son.”[12] The giving of his Son is the expression of God’s love. Jesus’s love is the model for Christian love (John 13:34–35). This love is surely not devoid of emotion but is a willful act of self-sacrifice that seeks the good of the beloved. John’s treatment of love is both cosmic (God’s love for the world) and intimate (Jesus’s love for his friends). This theme reaches its culmination in Jesus’s voluntary laying down of his life for his friends, which the Gospel presents as the greatest expression of love (John 15:13).
11. Most modern translations of this verse base their translation on the KJV, which reads “For God so loved the world.” At the time the KJV was written, the word “so” could mean either extent (i.e., this is how much God loved the world) or manner (this is the way in which God loved the world). In modern English, the word “so” commonly means extent and only rarely means manner. Few translations have updated their translation of this verse due to its popularity. Hence, modern readers frequently miss the meaning of the verse.
12. The ESV rightly shows this in a footnote: “For this is how God loved the world.”
Conclusion
The Gospel of John represents a remarkable achievement in early Christian literature, combining historical narrative with profound theological reflection and amazing literary genius. The Gospel’s numerous themes work together to create a distinctive and coherent theological presentation of the Messiah’s deity, presenting the Word who was with God as Jesus, the incarnate Word, “the Light” overcoming darkness, and “the Life” giving resurrection life already the acquitting verdict of the Last Day and the assurance of resurrection life to come. Distinctive among the Four Gospels, John’s Gospel’s escalating storyline, message, and themes climax with a purpose statement that invites readers to believe that the promised Messiah is none other than Jesus of Nazareth (John 20:30–31).
